Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development

Introduction The development of an individual highly relies on factors that originate from the surrounding environment. According to Vygotsky’s social development theory, the environment around an individual determines his/her physical and mental development especially through social interaction (Lightbrown and Spada, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the influence that an individual receives from his/her peers and other individuals within a given social setting will ultimately influence the development of his/her character. Therefore, positive peer interaction is usually advocated for during the middle childhood and adolescent stages of development to ensure that an individual develops a character that is socially and morally acceptable (Berger, 2008). Studies that have specifically focused on the middle childhood stage of development have revealed that peer interaction, friendship, and acceptance are critical factors that determine the level of development in an individual. However, during the adolescent stage, individuals tend to develop an egocentric behavior where they only think about themselves and how other people perceive them. This phenomenon brings about conflicting interests with their school, family members, friends, and future aspirations. While reacting to these conflicting ideas, adolescents tend to become rebellious and their level of motivation highly declines hence increasing their chances of becoming victims of peer pressure and drug and substance abuse. This paper will thus expound on the relationships an individual faces during middle childhood and adolescence, examine the concept of adolescent egocentrism, and finally focus on the pressure faced by adolescents. Relationships during Middle Childhood and Adolescence A child starts to develop a relationship with the people who surround him/her from birth. However, this relationship gradually changes as the child develops. By middle childhood, an individual starts to develop preferences especially in peer relationships. According to Oak (2000), children tend to interact more and develop friendships with peers of the same gender who they have the similar interests and share a relatively similar background. Consequently, the acceptance into a peer group is important. However, for a child to avoid engaging into delinquent behaviors, he/she should develop positive a friendship with his/her peers. Finally, children tend to be egocentric at this stage. They thus tend to compete with their peers on grounds such as classroom grades. As individuals progress into the adolescent stage, they usually experience progressive changes in their relationship. Peer relationships, for instance, dominate the relationship of individuals at this stage. The groups that adolescents form at this stage also comprise of members w ho share similar interests.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, unlike in the middle childhood stage where the peer groups mainly had same sex members, inter gender relationships usually develop at this stage. It is during adolescence that people start dating and to some extent, engage in sexual activity (Blume, 2006). Egocentrism is usually common at this stage especially because image and identity plays a significant role in the cognitive development of an individual by influencing their self-concept, psychological, and emotional traits. It is common for an individual to change friends at this stage due to the image factor but the friendships that are developed at this stage might also last for an extended period of time into adulthood. Peer influence at this stage is also strong but with greater consequences as compared to the prior stage since a negative influence might lead to activities such as drug and substance abuse, violence, crime, and so on. The acceptance of an individual into these peer groups also has a lot of emotional and psychological significance. Being left out of these groups usually diminishes the self-esteem of an individual leading to adverse effects that are mainly characterized by a rebellious character. Therefore, parents are usually advised to maintain close relationships with their adolescent children to motivate and encourage as a means of shaping their behaviors into morally accepted characters and to build their self-esteem (Oak, 2000). Egocentrism in Adolescents Egocentrism starts from childhood and develops into adolescence. During the adolescent stage however, egocentrism develops from the challenges and thoughts of an individual’s self-evaluation. This usually occurs when adolescents modify their thoughts and perceptions in the process of developing their identities. Through self-absorption, adolescents undergo a period in life where they develop their identity and sharpen their process of decision-making. According to Berger (2008), egocentrism during adolescence has two components: The imaginary audience Personal fable The imaginary audience usually develops when the subject develops thoughts about his/her personality and tries to comprehend what other people think about him/her. As a result of these thoughts, adolescents tend to become self-conscious. In the process, they usually become consumed with their thoughts and ideologies. This process is so strong that adolescents believe that other people whom they share a common relationship with (friends, schoolmates, family members, and so on) should also believe in similar ideologies and concepts. On the other hand, the personal fable compliments the ideologies that adolescents had developed through the imaginary audience phase by making them believe that they are special or unique. Due to the exaggerations of their beliefs and ideologies, such individuals develop the notion that they cannot become victims of unfortunate circumstances of the world. This therefore explains why adolescents engage in risky activities such as crime, unprotected sex, and disobeying the law for males while females have additional characteristics such as obsession with their looks and weight. Adolescents believe that the resultant image of these activities make them to be considered as great individuals especially among their peers (Berger, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pressures that Adolescents Face Given the environment that surrounds them, their ideologies, and their characters, adolescents usually face a number of pressures in the process of development and transition into adulthood. Examples of the pressure that adolescents face include: Sexuality and dating Drug and substance a buse Peer pressure Family issues According to Oak (2000), the major challenge that adolescents face is to make the decision between what they are expected to do (what is considered morally right by the society) and what they want to do at this stage. Making this decision is usually challenging hence bringing about an immense pressure within adolescents. For instance, two teenagers might engage in sex. This situation might end up being fun for both parties if they both agreed to engage in the act. However, there might be instances where one of them might not support the idea hence turning the incident into rape. In adverse situations, the girl could end up being pregnant and contracting a sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea, syphilis, or HIV. It is also during this stage that individuals realize their sexuality. It would thus be difficult for a homosexual adolescent to come present himself/herself to his/her family or the society especially if homosexuality is has not bee n accepted as a norm. An adolescent might also face a lot of pressure while trying to fit in a group. At this stage, it is considered ‘cool’ among peers if a girl is a member of the most beautiful girls in school or the cheerleading squad. Failure to become a member of these groups might have serious self-esteem damage to the individual. On the other hand, male adolescents might join gangs that usually require them to commit an act of crime as an initiation process. Many teenagers have been arrested and sentenced due to such acts hence losing an essential stage of their life. Divorce, domestic violence, death of a parent, poverty, or low income might are some of the family issues that have immense pressure on an adolescent. To overcome this pressure, adolescents usually seek support and advice from their peers. Due to their vulnerability, they might easily be recruited into gangs or become addicts of different substances as a means of trying to get away from reality by being high. Some adolescent usually develop violent behavior due to the stress and tension that comes about as a result of conflicts within the family. In some rare cases, adolescents have ended up killing their parents or killing themselves as a means of overcoming such pressure.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion During middle childhood, friendship plays a significant role in the development of an individual. In adolescents, peer influence is also critical but with dire consequences. Individuals are also conscious about their identity and behavior. Finally, given the fact that adolescents face a lot of pressure, it is advised that they receive positive guidance and support from family members, peers, and reputable individuals and institutions within the society to ensure that they develop into sensible adults. References Blume, L.B. (2006). Childhood Development. Journal of Human Behaviour, 2(1), 14-22. Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span. New York: Worth Publishers. Lightbrown, P. and Spada, N. (2006). How languages are learned. New York. Oxford University Press. Oak, M. (2000). Negative and Positive Effects of Peer Pressure. Retrieved from https://aptparenting.com/negative-positive-effects-of-peer-pressure This essay on Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development was written and submitted by user Xavi Chapman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

DNA patterns- estd or not essays

DNA patterns- est'd or not essays Look at the people in the room. They look 99.9 percent identical. They should. We are all part of a common species. Look again at the poeple in the room. Everyone is made of DNA. The DNA sequences among human beings are unique. No human that has ever lived has had the same DNA sequence, unless someone has an identical twin, then they would have the same DNA sequence. For many years, law enforcement officials have used fingerprints to uniquely identify individuals or to link criminals to the scene of a crime. Fingerprints are very helpful, except that for many crimes, no fingerprints are left behind. Thus, the idea of DNA identification is born. I believe that a national identification system is not necessary. I also believe it is wrong. Just as I believe abortion, capital punishment, and the government as a whole is wrong. I feel that a national identification system would cause riots and rebellion. I believe in a higher power, such as God. I believe all evil inflicted upon a person by another person is wrong. Therefore, anything that will cause the evil to be brought upon, such as DNA identification, is wrong. In the end, there will be a greater power than one's self. God will judge ALL. Any evil left in the world will vanish and all the good shall rise up with God in a perfect world where evil is unknown, love is abundant, and the past will be forgotten. If I had the power to prevent the national identificaton system from being established, I would not hesitate one second, but since I am just a small female in a world of billions, I shall just give my opinion that it is wrong, and pray that I am heard. ...

How to recognize high conflict people and prevent them from ruining your work life

How to recognize high conflict people and prevent them from ruining your work life Is there a high conflict person in your orbit who seems to be intent on making your work life more difficult? Yes, these ultra-high maintenance and difficult people have become so prevalent in all areas of life- from personal to professional and everything in between- that they’ve been given their own nickname: HCPs. If one or several of these folks have found their way into your world, then you know how lousy it can be. But this doesn’t mean that you need to give up or surrender your happiness to a high conflict person. There are things you can do to help prevent HCPs from ruining your life. Psychology Today recently discussed the growing HCP phenomena in a recent article by  Bill Eddy, LCSW, JD: â€Å"HCPs can look and act great when you get to know them, but sooner or later their hostility, mood swings and blaming behavior can be targeted on you- you become their ‘Target of Blame’. They may or may not have  personality  disorders. But they lack in sight and rarely change. Unfortunately, the skills that help us deal with ordinary people rely on reason and  self-control, two areas where HCPs have a great deal of difficulty. We need to use different skills for managing our relationships with them, or avoiding them.†Many of us figure out various methods for individually handling HCPs we encounter in our lives- we take stock of the person, their personality, their strengths and weaknesses, and just naturally get a feel for how to best deal with (or avoid) that person. It’s just a natural part of life- as we go through various career experiences we’ll invariably have opportunities to interact with a wide array of people, some of whom we’ll get along with and others we might not, and it’s in our best interest to figure out how to make the best out of every interaction.True, HCPs can pose special challenges- they can be extremely difficult personalities to figure out how to deal with, especially wh en we encounter them in high-stakes environments such as the workplace, but if you encounter an HCP and may have to interact with one on a regular basis there is a way forward.Eddy has outlined a proven method for dealing with HCPs, which they have termed the CARS method. This method consists of the following four skill areas: â€Å"Connecting with  empathy, attention, and respect;  Analyzing  your options;  Responding  to hostility or misinformation; and  Setting limits  on high-conflict behavior. Such a method is often the opposite of what you feel like doing, but we have found that it works over and over again in calming HCPs, focusing them on their future choices (rather than arguing about the past), matter-of-factly correcting their frequent misinformation and setting limits because HCPs don’t stop themselves.†You may be naturally doing some variation of the CARS method or some of its components when dealing with HCPs in your life. Let’s take a closer look at how Eddy  breaks down each component of the CARS method, for maximum success in any tricky HCP situation.ConnectingThis involves speaking to HCPs using statements that show you understand their issues and empathize with them. When people feel understood and listened to, a connection is established. Don’t make it fake- really try to reach out to get to the root of what is making someone upset: â€Å"Can you explain what’s upsetting you?† or â€Å"Yes, I can see how that is really frustrating.† Make it clear that you’re not talking down to someone, but rather approaching him or her as a peer who wants to listen and help. The goal is to keep the HCP calm so you can work together to accomplish the task at hand.AnalyzingThen, approach your next steps as practically as possible. Don’t let someone else’s bad energy infest your life in such a way that you make rash decisions that won’t benefit your or your career. Sa y someone you work with is, well, impossible. What can you do? You can push through, stay calm, put your head down, and avoid conflict at all costs. But what if that’s not sustainable? You can go to HR about the HCP in your life, you can look for a new job within your company, or you can even look for a job elsewhere. There’s no right answer. You need to weigh all of your options and decide what’s best for you personally and professionally. Just make sure to do so with care and thought- and  not after a particularly heated interaction.RespondingAccording to Eddy, â€Å"HCPs are especially evident in their hostile emails and social media blasts. They also seriously distort information, even though they usually don’t know they are doing that.† While it’s unfair that you have to deal with stressful interactions like these, especially at work, the best way to do so is to take a breath and remain practical and factual in your responses. Politel y point out any falsehoods in a fiery email or conversation, correct them, and move on. Do not give in for an HCP’s desire for drama and conflict. Do your best not to lose your temper or to push back with equally mean or accusatory language. Kindness is key. So is moving on once you’ve stated the facts and have nothing more to say.Setting limitsAccording to Eddy, â€Å"HCPs generally have less self-control, are more impulsive, and are less aware of the impact of their behavior on others. Further, they often don’t care if their behavior bothers or hurts anyone else or even themselves.†Ã‚  The key to setting limits is to lean on the rules and regulations of your workplace or industry. Fight back with issues that are tangible, not emotional. Don’t make your responses personal. An HCP doesn’t care that they’re driving you crazy or that they’re being mean or irrational. So, again, be practical: â€Å"If this report is incorrect our department will look bad in front of the CEO. Let’s find all the errors together,† or â€Å"This conversation is against the HR rules; I suggest we move on to avoid trouble.†Are you plagued by HCPs? If so, it can be challenging, frustrating, and absolutely aggravating- but it doesn’t have to be impossible. Use the strategies and advice provided here to help deal with HCPs in your life.

Statue of liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statue of liberty - Essay Example This poem captures precisely what the features of the statue symbolise; it emphasises that America is the land for all and that it constitutes a state that will take all from around the globe and accept them as Americans. Written in 1886, America was a great nation in the making, a scarcity of people meant that such literature was of great effect in tandem with the statue in inviting and encouraging people to come help build a great nation in the making. Standing at a colossal height, the statue oversees the American people and is looked up to by the American people as a mother to their society and the carer and educator of their lives; her colossal height and empowering height acts as a symbolic reminder of the awe-inspiring makeup of a great nation and her piercing eyes represents the convictions of the American people but, importantly, also acts as a God-like inspirer and guider to instil faith and remind the people of their responsibilities at times where moral and social corruption plagues the American society. The torch she carries ignites and fires into the sky the notions of freedom and liberty, the flames being seen and felt by citizens and guest alike (whether in proximity or not), and through its scorching heat defends against, and attacks, the plague of oppression and tyranny. At the same time, the chains at her foot represent Liberty crushing the chains of slavery. Yet the principles embodied within her are not exclusiv e only to the American people; the general appearance of the statue's head is reminiscent of the Greek Sun-god Apollo who dressed in a similar robe and having on its head a radiate crown with seven spiked rays of the sun's rays. Indeed, the seven spikes are representative of the world and its nations, reinforcing the statue's image as host to all around the world and guests of America and reinforcing America's position as the land of the free and leader of the world as the seven spikes on the crown represent the Seven Seas (Arctic, Antarctic, North & South Atlantic, North & South Pacific, Indian) and seven continents (North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia). Indeed, together with the scorching flames of the torch, the statue, located in the middle of the Hudson river, reinforces its characteristics as a statue for all (water and the ocean generally encapsulates the concepts of liquidity and freedom). To hear the Statue is to travel to it by ferry and hear at the height of her dictating posture the howling wind which

The Legalization Of Marijuana for Medical Use Research Paper

The Legalization Of Marijuana for Medical Use - Research Paper Example As a matter of fact, marijuana is proven to enhance appetite and relieve nausea in cancer and AIDS patients. Many people use marijuana because they are suffering from certain diseases that have plagued their lives. Clearly, marijuana provides relief from pain, nauseua, and other symptoms that cannot be treated with conventional methods of medicine. Several Americans insist that marijuana for inhibition purposes also. Furthermore, this drug has very low dependence of addiction and side-effects. Most marijuana users also insist that they tend to develop tolerance to many of the effect that this substance offers. Users also refute the fact that this drug is more dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. The second critical reason why marijuana should be legalized is the fact that maintaining marijuana out of society is expensive due to its illegal nature. Keeping marijuana illegal is expensive because it induces authorities to be in constant search of funding. In the United States, the government has gone on this myriad against â€Å"War on Drugs.† Currently, the US government spends a hefty amount of money to choose individuals who are regular marijuana users regardless of their need and want. These individuals get thrown in the prisons on a daily basis. Undoubtedly, these same funds can be allocated to pursue education, Medicare, social security and national defense. In an ideal world in which marijuana would be legal, the federal government would be able to impose taxes on it. Furthermore, it would have extra revenue that it could allocate for essential drug education program. It is evident that there is no solid evidence that prohibition of the drug will force society to diminish its use. Additionally, marijuana is widely available in schools as dealers understand that no set age limit is enacted. Seen as the â€Å"forbidden fruit† by many teenagers, the drug continues to attract students to relieve their stress. The

History And Evolution Of Hip Hop

History And Evolution Of Hip Hop During the late 1970s an underground urban movement known as hip-hop began to develop in the South Bronx area of New York City. Encompassing graffiti art, break dancing, rap music, and fashion, hip-hop became the dominant cultural movement of the African American and Hispanic communities in the 1980s. Tagging, rapping, and break dancing were all artistic variations on the male competition and one-upmanship of street gangs. Sensing that gang members often violent urges could be turned into creative ones, Afrika Bambaataa founded the Zulu Nation, a loose confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. The popularity of hip-hop spread quickly to mainstream white consumers through movies, music videos, radio play, and media coverage. The resulting flood of attention from wealthy investors, art dealers, movie and video producers, and trend-conscious consumers made hip-hop a viable avenue to success for black and Hispanic ghetto youth. Rap music in particular foun d a huge interracial audience. After 1985, when the mania for graffiti art and break dancing began to wane, rap music continued to gain popularity, emerging as one of the most original music forms of the decade. Mixing and Sampling Beat Street featured several prominent urban-music trends of the 1980s, including mixing, sampling, and scratching. Mixing, popularized by club DJs such as Jellybean, required the skillful blending of different records that had similar beats into a single, seamless dance number. When DJs started recording and replaying their best mixes, the major record labels took notice, releasing extended-play dance mixes of big chart hits. By 1984 a third of the standard Top 20 pop singles were available as twelve-inch remixes. Jellybean did a remix for Michael Jackson, while Arthur Baker, the music coordinator for Beat Street, was hired to remix dance versions of songs for Cyndi Lauper and Bruce Springsteen. Mixing was taken a step further by DJs who employed scratching, which involved placing the needle in a record groove and manually turning the disc back and forth in rapid succession to achieve a staccato effect and thereby segue into another song. Sampling was akin to the appropriation used by many visual artists of the decade: samplers took snatches of existing records and wove them into new numbers, usually by scratching the records to cover the transition from one sample to another. In the song Strictly Business (1988) EPMD borrowed a familiar riff from Eric Claptons version of I Shot the Sheriff. Using two or more turntables to scratch and sample, DJs kept dance floors crowded with sound changes that appealed to MTV attention spans. Mixing, scratching, and sampling were all popular techniques with DJs. Rap Music Rap originated in the early 1970s in the South Bronx, where DJs played riffs from their favorite dance records at house parties, creating new sounds by scratching over them or adding drum synthesizers. A partner, the MC, would add a rhyming, spoken vocal (a rap) over the mix, often using clever plays on words. Most rap songs were braggadocio, the aural equivalent of street gangs strut and swagger. Boasting about their physical prowess and coolness, rappers used competitiveness with rival males as the motivation for creativity. Some early rap songs promoted global and interracial harmony, including The Sugar Hill Gangs Rappers Delight (1980) and Afrika Bambaataas Planet Rock (1982), which became a crossover hit on the dance charts and sold more than six hundred thousand copies. Other rappers expressed serious political and social messages, often addressing the effects of racism, poverty, and crime on the African American community. One such group was Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, formed in the Bronx in 1978 by Joseph Saddler. Flash first attracted attention with the song Freedom, released on the rap label Sugar Hill in 1980. Their 1981 album was among the first to feature sampling, and in 1982 their seven-minute recording The Message-about black ghetto life-became an underground hit. When Flash went solo, another Furious Five member stepped forward to lead the group as Grandmaster Melle Mel. The new group released the antidrug anthem White Lines (Dont Do It) in 1983. Crossover Rap remained primarily an underground urban style until the mid 1980s, when it exploded into the mainstream with the unexpected popularity of RunD.M.C. Formed in 1982 the trio released their first record the following year and watched it become the first rap-music gold album. Their 1985 LP King of Rock was an even bigger hit, reaching number fifty-three on the Billboard album chart and featuring two videos that achieved significant airplay on MTV. Run-D.M.C.s heavy metal sampling increased its popularity with young white males, especially after the 1986 recording of Walk This Way, a remake of an Aero smith song with a video featuring Joe Perry and Steven Tyler of Aerosmith. The song was the crossover breakthrough for rap music, while the album that featured it, Raising Hell, sold more than 3 million copies and became the first platinum rap album. Inspired by the success of Run-D.M.C, MTV launched a daily Yo! MTV Raps program. Female rap artists such as Salt-N-Pepa, MC Lyte, and Queen Latifah began to make inroads in the late 1980s, and even white acts jumped on the bandwagon; in 1987 the Beastie Boys had a major hit with (Youve Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party). By the end of the decade rappers such as L. L. Cool J (Im Goin Back to Cali, 1988) and Tone Loc (Wild Thing, 1989) were regularly appearing in the Top 40, and in the 1990s the rap stars Ice-T, Fresh Prince, and Kid N Play were elevated to movie and television stars. Controversy While some rap songs were lighthearted and fun-for example, Run-D.M.C.s My Adidas celebrated hip footwear-rap music became increasingly political as the decade progressed. Sensing nothing but indifference from the Reagan administration and white America to the escalating problems of crime, poverty, drugs, and unemployment in their communities, many rappers openly raged against the police, the government, big corporations, and other bastions of white male power. In response some critics attacked rap music in the late 1980s for the often overt violence, racism, sexual explicitness, and misogyny of its lyrics. In 1986 Tipper Gore of the Parents Music Resource Center blamed the music of Run-D.M.C. for the eruption of violence at several stops on their summer tour. Others took issue with the militant, seemingly antiwhite stance of rap group Public Enemy, especially on their million-selling 1988 album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back and in the song Fight the Power, featured i n Spike Lees controversial 1989 movie Do the Right Thing. Though candid about the evils of bigotry, group members Flavor Flav and Chuck D responded to such criticism by insisting that they advocated improving black life through empowerment. During a concert at Rikers Island Prison in New York, Chuck D announced, Our goal is to get ourselves out of this mess and be responsible to our sons and daughters so they can lead a better life. My job is to build 5,000 potential black leaders through my means of communication. Also in 1988 the recording Move Somethin by 2 Live Crew ignited controversy when an Alabama store owner was arrested and charged with selling an obscene work. In 1990, 2 Live Crew was again in court, successfully defending their music against obscenity charges. Messages Run-D.M.C. sought to be role models for black youth through their involvement in social causes. In addition to decrying the gang fighting at their live shows, they took part in the Live Aid and Artists United Against Apartheid projects, appeared in a promo video for the Martin Luther King national holiday campaign and at an anticrack awareness day, and came out with a strong antidrug message in the song Its Tricky. Rappers Queen Latifah and N.W.A also spoke out against drugs. Ice-T used his chilling gangland rap Colors, in the 1988 movie of the same name, as a commentary on the harsh realities of black life in the inner cities. In 1989 leading rappers joined together in the Stop the Violence (STV) movement. Denouncing gang warfare, Chuck D and Flavor Flav of Public Enemy joined KRS-One, Heavy D, MC Lyte, and others to record the single Self-Destruction, which sold half a million copies. STV donated $500,000 in royalties to the National Urban League to combat illiteracy. We wanted to reach the kids most affected by black-on-black crime, said Ann Carli, the Jive Records executive who helped organize STV. Rap records can be a tool that can be used in education today. Black pride was also the message of rappers Sir Mix-a-Lot (National Anthem), Big Daddy Kane (Young, Gifted and Black), and Queen Latifah, who dressed in African-inspired garb. Style is Afrocentric, she said, and my style and music are one. A lot of ideas are lost in there execution Sub-genres In addition to gangsta rap, hip hop has splintered into many other sub genres. Crunk is a southern style of hip-hop, with lyrics that are primarily concerned with partying and having a good time. Crunk rappers often shout their lyrics over a somewhat slower beat. There are also Christian hip hop groups, grime groups that primarily can be found in the UK, and rap-rockers like Limp Bizkit, Linkin Park and Rage Against the Machine. Hip hop music or also known as rap, is a kind of music genres which consists of rap backing beats. The rise of hip hop is because of the change in united states urban culture especially in 1970s. Most important is the low cost involved in getting started, living cost was quite cheap, and the chances for anyone to MC with popular hip hoper. There is a difference between Rap and MC, Rap means talk to girl or speak to someone, it was used by Rappers Delight, Sugar Hill Gang, and become the title for hip hop recording, while MC, is a word to describe a hip hoper hosting a jam and rhyming on the mic or master of ceremony. There are important volunteers of hip hop : 1. James Brown, his dancing, musical feel and his break beats, influenced the born of hip hop genres. 2. Capoeira, see how the dances, its the root of hip hop dances. As we know capoeira is from angola, it is a kind of african dance, capoeira movement and style influenced hip hop dances. 3. Salsa, latin communities who lives in New York have special dance called salsa or bombi plena, this kind of dance also give important influence on hip hop culture. Hip hop name is comes from rapper, named Keith Cowboy, through Dj Hollywood, but the first one who create hip hop terms is from Black Spades which is a member of Afrika Bambaataa gang. In 70s, a lot of hip hop clubs appears, there are Hevalo Club, Twilight Zone, Executive Play House, The Fever, Savoy Manor, Boys Club, Over The Dover, Bronx River Center, Penny Lounge,Celebrity Club, Black Door, Sparkle, Skate Key. The pioneers of hip hop Dj are, Charlie Chase, Whiz Kid, Grand Wizard Theodore, Kool Herc, Bug Starski, Johny Thunderbird, Eddie Cheeba, and Tony Tone. Now, Hip-hop has globalized into a lot of cultures in the world. We can find hip-hop in every corner of the globe, especially at the South Bronx. Hip hop has emerged globally as an movement of art with the uses of technology, speech and body. Music will always continue to embrace, hip-hops inspiration differs depend on each culture. Although hip-hop is sometimes taken for permitted by Americans, it is not so elsewhere, especially in the developing countries where it has come to reflect the empowerment of the disenfranchised. Hip-hop music has reached the cultural corridors of the globe and has been absorbed and reinvented worldwide Sources: Break Dancing the Night Away, Newsweek 102 (21 March 1983): 72-73; Breaking Out: America Goes Dancing, Newsweek, 104 (2 July 1984): 46-52; Chilling Out on Rap Flash, Time, 121 (21 March 1983): 72-73; Peter Frank and Michael McKenzie, New, Used Improved: Art for the 80s (New York: Abbeville Press, 1987); Graffiti on Canvas, Newsweek, 102 (18 April 1983): 94; Some Bad Raps for Good Rap, Newsweek 108 (1 September 1986): 85; David P. Szatmary, Rockiri in Time: A Social History of Rock and Roll (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1987). http://www.articlesbase.com/music-articles/hip-hop-music-history-and-facts-revealed-555128.html#ixzz0mD44bP5F

Historical King Arthur Essay

King Arthur is one of the most well known historical figures of all time. One of the most interesting debates surrounding the legends and tales of King Arthur is whether or not he truly existed. The debate has its roots in the Renaissance time when Arthur’s existence was defended as the basis for the Tudor monarchs to trace their ancestry back to King Arthur as a way to hold onto their reign. Modern historians argue that a King Arthur may have existed though he was not the same King Arthur in the much loved legends and tales that have been passed down from generation to generation. This debate will continue as there has been no logical proof that King Arthur did actually exist (The Camelot Project, 1). At the same time, the influence of King Arthur will remain an important part of history as well. King Arthur has had a significant influence on literature, art, music and society as far back as the Middle Ages. The legend of Arthur projects him as a great legendary British king born to Uther Pendragon and Igraine. Some versions of the legend also include information regarding three half sisters of Arthur. Arthur married Guinevere and legend says they had no children together although Arthur did father children. Some versions of the Arthur legend contend that Perlesvaus was fathered by Arthur and Guinevere but other versions say this is not so (Joe, 1). Further, in various versions of the legend, Arthur’s son had different names. One legend states that Arthur killed his son while another says his son died after being attacked by a wild boar (Joe, 1). These ancestorial facts are unclear and vary across different versions of the legends which is perhaps one reason why the existence of a real King Arthur is so heavily debated. There has been no archeological evidence that a real King Arthur ever existed. Without absolute proof it is difficult to separate potential facts from the many legends that surround King Arthur (Joe, 1). Perhaps the reason why the legend of King Arthur is so popular is because King Arthur was a bright light in the face of treachery and darkness (Snell, 1). King Arthur brought peace to his land by defending it from every danger and also expanding his empire to encompass great amounts of land. Under the command of King Arthur, a group of knights helped the helpless, battled evil and scoured the land for holy relics. The courageous nature of King Arthur makes him a true hero that many generations of people have looked up to. He gave people hope in sorrowful times by being the type of ruler that looked out for the weak and the poor. Despite the fact that King Arthur is so loved and admired, he remains a legend. There is no existing proof that can provide without a doubt that King Arthur is a true historical figure. Instead, the legend of King Arthur will remain a legend (Snell, 1). The vast amount of literature and other media that focus on King Arthur may cause some people to assume that these stories are based in part on fact. However, there is no evidence that any of the facts surrounding the legend of King Arthur are true. Part of the reason why so many people assume that King Arthur is a true historical figure may be based on The History of the Kings of Britain which details the life and rule of the exalted King Arthur (Snell, 1). This historical document provides so many in depth details about King Arthur that many find it hard to argue with. However, the reference for this document has never been found so the facts included within cannot be proven. Further, some are of the opinion that the author of this document, Geoffrey of Monmouth, wrote the history in order to make others view his people in a more positive light (Snell, 1). There are many scholarly facts that aid in disproving the actual existence of King Arthur. These are the facts that enable King Arthur to keep his place in history as one of the most noble and well loved kings of all time. Legend holds that King Arthur was able to single handedly lead an assault that left nine hundred dead and allowed him to reign as king for nearly one hundred years. Legend also holds that King Arthur fought giants and strange beasts and was led by a red dragon (Ogden-Korus, 1). Since none of these mythological creatures or fantastic feats are possible, it can be assumed that King Arthur is a legend as well. This leads to the goal of many scholars. They wish to uncover facts that may prove whether there really was a King Arthur behind all the folklore (Ogden-Korus, 1). So far, they have been unsuccessful in proving that King Arthur ever did exist so he remains a legend to this day. In order to find proof of King Arthur, many archeologists have attempted to find concrete evidence that can be directly traced to the legendary king. There is very little evidence in Britain that can be traced back to the time of King Arthur. For example, the primary building tool during King Arthur’s time was wood, which completely decomposes over time and would not provide any proof of the existence of King Arthur. Further, the field of archeology cannot deal with specifics (Ogden-Korus, 1). Instead, archeologists analyze existing evidence and make educated guesses regarding ancient history. With regards to the place and times of King Arthur, these educated guesses have led to the conclusion that King Arthur is simply a legend. One of the most common associations with King Arthur is Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table. However, this connection cannot be considered fact. The legend of King Arthur is said to have lived during the sixth century but the creation of Camelot did not come into existence until the twelfth century when it became a part of literature (Ogden-Korus, 1). There are other more compelling discoveries that have aided in spreading the opinion that King Arthur did once exist. However, this evidence, while compelling, is not concrete. For example, Tintagel Castle, the alleged birthplace of King Arthur was a thirteenth century castle so it could not have existed during the time of King Arthur. However, in 1998, an archeological dig at Tintagel Castle uncovered a sixth century fort underneath the castle (Giger, 1). This evidence alone does not point to the existence of King Arthur. There are many sixth century forts in England and Wales and the discovery of this one does not provide concrete evidence that King Arthur ever existed – only that a sixth century fort existed where legend says that King Arthur was born (Giger, 1). This type of evidence is exciting and motivates historians and scholars to continue their search for evidence that King Arthur did exist. However, at this time no concrete evidence has been discovered to prove the King Arthur was anything more than a legend. Despite the fact that there is no definitive proof that King Arthur ever existed, there have been many myths that surround his name. Camelot is the perhaps the most well known myth that surrounds the legend of King Arthur. As previously discussed, Camelot did not come into existence until it was included in literature in the twelfth century (Ogden-Korus, 1). Camelot is the most well known and famous castle associated with King Arthur. Experts agree that Camelot is most likely a fictional place because its exact location is unknown. â€Å"Camelot, located no where in particular, can be anywhere† (Lacy, 67). The myth of Camelot has been allowed to spread because of how much people respect and admire the legend of King Arthur. The various versions of the myths surrounding King Arthur often contradict one another but people are willing to overlook such discrepancies because the writings about King Arthur are so captivating and entertaining (Miller, 1). People want to believe that such a magnificent person could really have existed so they get caught up in the myths surrounding King Arthur and begin to believe that he was a real person. Another myth that the legend of King Arthur has influenced is the legend of Lancelot, one of the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Lancelot is considered one of the best and one of the worst knights in the court of King Arthur (Sir Lancelot Online, 1). Lancelot is a creation of literature that emerged at the same time that Camelot did. In this portrayal, Lancelot becomes the most valuable knight of King Arthur. He was chivalrous and brave and accomplished many important tasks including rescuing Guinevere from Meleagant and once again rescuing her from being burned to death for committing adultery with him (Sir Lancelot Online, 1). Sir Lancelot helped contribute to the myths surrounding King Arthur because his heroic deeds made King Arthur look good. Ultimately, Lancelot betrays King Arthur by committing adultery with Guinevere but this too makes King Arthur look good because people pity him for the wrongs committed against him. Another important and famous myth surrounding King Arthur that has contributed to the admiration of many is his sword, Excalibur. Excalibur is said to have magical powers. Part of the reason why the myth of Excalibur makes King Arthur so admired is because some versions of the myth discuss how King Arthur pulled the sword from a stone thus making himself appear magical and strong. However, other versions of the myth keep Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone separate. The myth that includes King Arthur pulling the sword from the stone provides some with evidence that he was a true king because only a true king would be able to even pull the sword out of the stone. Other versions say that Excalibur was a sword the King Arthur obtained through Merlin from the Lady of the Lake (Ford, 1). The fact that King Arthur used such powerful weapons also provides a compelling reason why so many people believe in the power of King Arthur. These weapons are also part of the reason why King Arthur has survived throughout history as one of the most revered kings of all time. One final aspect of the legend of King Arthur that has enabled him to live throughout history is the myth of Merlin. Merlin is a well known wizard that mentored King Arthur. Merlin had supernatural powers and abilities and is said to have engineered the birth of King Arthur through his magical powers (Briggs, 440). The magical powers that surrounded Merlin were of enormous benefit to King Arthur because they enabled him to accomplish great things. These great things are what has allowed King Arthur to become as legendary as he remains today. King Arthur is a real historical figure in that many people truly believe that he actually existed. This belief has been passed down from generation to generation so that the legend of King Arthur has become real to so many people. The fantastic accomplishments that are credited to King Arthur make him a much loved and respected ruler. At the same time, the magic and mystic that surround King Arthur provide a sense of mystery that captivates people into believing the myths. These myths have allowed King Arthur to rise in prestige and remain so popular. However, there is no historical or archeological proof that King Arthur ever existed. If such proof is out there it has yet to be discovered. The fact that the legend of King Arthur is so well known and loved has allowed the myths associated with the legendary king to become valid parts of the King Arthur legend. For example, most people do not realize that Camelot and Lancelot are fictional creations that came into existence some five hundred years after the time of King Arthur. These myths have provided King Arthur with a reputation of greatness that cannot be based on historical fact. At the same time, there is no harm in allowing people to believe that King Arthur was real because in the hearts of many King Arthur was real. There is no definitive data to back this assumption up but this does not deter many people from believing in the existence of King Arthur. In the end, history has not proven that King Arthur truly existed but literature and movies have created a character that is so loved that he has become â€Å"real† and he will remain â€Å"real† as long as people continue to be captivated by the legend of the King Arthur and the myths that surround him. Briggs, Katharine Mary. An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies and Other Supernatural Creatures. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976. 440. Ford, David Nash. â€Å"Excalibur. † Brittania. 2000. 17 Feb 2009 . Giger, Remus. â€Å"In Search of†¦ King Arthur. † Associated Content. 2007. 17 Feb 2009 . Joe, Jimmy. â€Å"King Arthur. † Timeless Myths. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . Lacy, Norris J. â€Å"Camelot. † The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1991. 67. Miller, Michael D. â€Å"The True Story. † Camelot: The True Story. Moffat, CO: Rideout Publishing, 2008. Ogden-Korus, Erin. â€Å"An Archeological Quest for the ‘Real’ King Arthur. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . Sir Lancelot Online. â€Å"Sir Lancelot of the Lake. † 17 Feb 2009 . Snell, Melissa. â€Å"The Truth of Arthur. A Legendary King. † About. com: Medieval History. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . The Camelot Project. â€Å"Historical Arthur. † King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. 2001. 17 Feb 2009 .